中国冷杉、云杉和落叶松属植物的地理分布

根据大量的植被分布资料,利用地理信息系统软件,将经纬度投影的中国地图划分为1×1°的经纬网格,直观地把冷杉、云杉和落叶松3属的植物分布显示在中国地图上,并对其分布及其丰富度进行分析。结果表明,川丁滇北是3属植物共同的现代分布中心;3属植物垂直分布的海拔高度随纬度增加而降低,沿经度方向,由于青藏高原的存在,在经度95～105°E之间存在高度分布极大值,而这种变化趋势由于复杂的生境出现而常常遭到破坏。文章还简要分析了3属植物分布格局的关系以及3属分布格局的地史成因。     

The postglacial history of three Picea species in New England, USA

Given the difficulty of separating the three Picea species—P. glauca, P. mariana, and P. rubens (white, black, and red spruce)—in the pollen record, little is known about their unique histories in eastern North America following deglaciation. Here we report the first use of a classification tree analysis (CART) to distinguish pollen grains of these species. It was successfully applied to fossil pollen from eight sites in Maine and one in Massachusetts. We focused on the late glacial/early Holocene (14,000 to 8000 cal yr B.P.) and the late Holocene (1400 cal yr B.P. to present)—the two key periods since deglaciation when Picea has been abundant in the region. The result shows a shift from a Picea forest of P. glauca and P. mariana in the late glacial to a forest of P. rubens and P. mariana in the late Holocene. The small number of P. rubens grains identified from the late glacial/early Holocene samples (<5%) suggests that that species was either absent or rare at most of the sites. The occurrence and distribution of the three species do not reveal any geographic or temporal trend during late glacial time, but the data suggest that they were distributed in local patches on the landscape. The results of this study indicate that the recent population expansion of Picea (1000 to 500 cal yr B.P.) was likely the first time since deglaciation that P. rubens was abundant in the region.     

Climatic response of thick leaf spruce (Picea crassifolia) tree-ring width at different elevations over Qilian Mountains, northwestern China

Tree-ring cores of thick leaf spruce (Picea crassifolia) taken from four sites at different elevations, in the middle of the Qilian Mountains, in the arid and semi-arid region of northwestern China, were used to develop four tree-ring width chronologies using standard dendrochronological methods. Results indicate that with increasing altitude the chronologies’ year-to-year variations decreased. Hence, the sensitivity of the tree-ring chronologies to climate decreases with altitude. Further analysis showed that the significant limiting factor on tree growth is spring precipitation. Measurements of stomata density and leaf dry weight suggest the species’ ecological adaptation strategy changes with elevation. At high elevation the metabolic rate of thick leaf spruce decreases, thus showing the effect of the climate.     

祁连山中段青海云杉林土壤肥力质量评价研究

以祁连山排露沟流域青海云杉林为研究对象，研究了海拔梯度上土壤肥力因子的分布特征及变化规律，并运用主成分分析法对青海云杉林土壤肥力状况进行了评价。结果表明：（1）研究区土壤呈碱性，pH值均大于8.0；高海拔地区（3 300 m）含水量达到过饱和状态，各土层含水量均大于100%；随海拔升高，全氮含量呈增大趋势，全钾含量呈减小趋势，而全磷含量呈先减小后增大趋势；不同海拔梯度速效磷含量差异不显著（P>0.05），海拔3 300 m处速效钾含量显著高于其他海拔段（P<0.05）。（2） 不同海拔梯度下土壤有机质、全氮、全磷、全钾、速效磷和速效钾含量都有明显的“表聚效应”，其中3 300 m处0~10 cm土层有机质含量高达325.93 g·kg^-1，是本海拔段其他土层的1.6~1.8倍，是同土层其他海拔段的1.3~2.0倍。（3） 土壤肥力因子间关系密切，土壤含水量与有机质、全氮呈极显著正相关关系，与土壤容重、pH和全钾呈极显著负相关关系，土壤养分含量之间存在不同程度的显著正相关关系。（4） 不同海拔梯度土壤肥力质量为：3 300 m>3 200 m>3 100 m>3 000 m>2 900 m。     

天山雪岭云杉个体生物量分配及其变化规律的研究

为了探讨天山雪岭云杉林生物量在个体组织中的分配情况及其变化规律，在研究区进行了大量的野外测量，利用已有的雪岭云杉林估算方程，分析了天山雪岭云杉林生物量在各器官（干、枝、叶、皮、根）中的分配及其变化规律。结果表明：（1） 研究区雪岭云杉林的平均生物量为388.74 t·hm^-2，树木各器官中，干、枝、根、叶和皮分别占生物量的43.65%、28.60%、13.49%、11.08%和3.18%。（2）各径级生物量所占百分比为：33.53%（40~50 cm）、20.13%（20~30 cm）、19.59%（30~40 cm）、18.19%（50~60 cm）和2.05%（10~20 cm）；树木生物量在不同树高中的分配表现为：48.78%（20~30 m）＞35.27%（10~20 m）＞14.70%（30~40 m）＞1.25%（0~10 m）；地上和地下生物量的分配比例为：87.54%和12.46%，分别为340.30 t·hm^-2和48.44 t·hm^-2。（3） 随海拔升高，天山雪岭云杉林生物量呈“单峰”变化，在海拔2 100~2 400 m处达到最大值611.58 t·hm^-2；干、皮生物量所占比例随海拔升高而减小，枝生物量逐渐增加，叶、根生物量呈先减小后增加的趋势；径级20~30 cm、30~40 cm和50~60 cm的生物量随海拔升高均呈“单峰型”变化趋势，都在海拔2 100~2 400 m处达到最大；雪岭云杉林不同树高生物量随海拔的升高呈现的趋势不同。天山雪岭云杉林生物量和年均降水量随经纬度的升高均呈降低变化，研究区林分生物量自西向东总体呈现逐渐降低的趋势；林分密度、海拔和降水共同决定了森林生物量的大小及其变化规律，海拔2 100~2 400 m是本研究区雪岭云杉林生长的最适宜场所。结果可为雪岭云杉林生态系统的恢复和重建提供基础资料，对研究区进行综合管理与生态健康分析具有重要意义。     

天山北坡中部不同海拔高度雪岭云杉树轮宽度气候响应对比分析

利用天山北坡中部沙湾地区两个坡面随海拔高度采集的雪岭云杉树芯样本,建立了13个树轮宽度年表。分析结果表明,2个坡面年表特征值随海拔高度的变化而不同,不同海拔树轮宽度对气候因子的响应呈现规律性。高低海拔采样点在生长季前对气候因子的响应相同,而在生长季则呈相反的响应。在生长季,高海拔采样点随海拔的升高,树轮宽度对气温的响应降低。不同坡面间受小生境的干扰较大,坡度较小的大鹿角湾高海拔采样点主要受气温的影响,而在坡度较大的石头沟高海拔采点则对降水有更明显的响应。沙湾树轮宽度年表对PDSI指数的响应与大尺度范围的树轮响应一致,即与PDSI呈正相关,低海拔区域响应最显著。主成分分析表明,在同一坡面树轮宽度年表的前3个主分量可以反映因海拔高度变化气候因子对树木年轮生长的影响。2个坡面树轮宽度年表的第一主分量表征持续干旱对整个坡面的影响。     

鳞毛蕨天山云杉林林冠空隙特征

林冠干扰作为鳞毛蕨(Dryopteris filix-mas (L.) Schott)天山云杉(Picea schrenkiana Fisch. etMey.)林动态自维持的重要因素,在整个林分的动态发展过程中发挥着重要作用。通过对西天山国家级自然保护区内1 hm2典型的鳞毛蕨天山云杉纯林中林冠空隙特征及其形成木和边界木结构的研究,结果表明:在西天山国家级自然保护区实验区46林班内的1 hm2临时标准地中,共调查到17个林冠空隙,林冠空隙干扰返回间隔期为763年。扩展空隙面积在20~280 m2之间变化,冠空隙面积在0~180 m2之间变动。大多数林冠空隙形状变异较大,不同程度地偏离圆形,且均在20~100年之间形成,拥有多株形成木,边界木多由近熟木和成熟木组成。     

Peatland development at the arctic tree line (Québec, Canada) influenced by flooding and permafrost

In this study, we documented the Holocene history of a peat plateau at the arctic tree line in northern Québec using stratigraphic and macrofossil analyses to highlight the effects of geomorphic setting in peatland development. Paludification of the site began about 6800 cal yr BP. From 6390 to 4120 cal yr BP, the peatland experienced a series of flooding events. The location of the peatland in a depression bounded by two small lakes likely explains its sensitivity to runoff. The proximity of a large hill bordering the peatland to the south possibly favored the inflow of mineral-laden water. The onset of permafrost aggradation in several parts of the peatland occurred after 3670 cal yr BP. Uplifting of the peatland surface caused by permafrost stopped the flooding. According to radiocarbon dating of the uppermost peat layers, permafrost distribution progressed from the east to the west of the peatland, indicating differential timing for the initiation of permafrost throughout the peatland. Most of the peatland was affected by permafrost growth during the Little Ice Age. Picea mariana macroremains at 6450 cal yr BP indicate that the species was present during the early stages of peatland development, which occurred soon after the sea regression.     

额尔齐斯河上游西伯利亚云杉树轮宽度年表特征分析及其对气候的响应

利用采自阿尔泰山南坡额尔齐斯河上游森林6个采样点的低海拔西伯利亚云杉（Picea obovata Ledeb）树轮样本,建立6个树轮宽度指数年表。分析标准化树轮宽度年表的特征参数及对气候的响应发现：（1）可可托海北（KKT）年表包含的气候信息最多,其次是塔里德萨依（TLD）年表。（2）6个标准化年表及区域年表（HEC）与临近的富蕴气象站与生长季及生长季前期的降水呈正相关,与上年7月到当年6月降水量相关最高达0.755,该研究结果与新疆天山山区云杉对气候的响应完全一致。降水是森林下限西伯利亚云杉树轮宽度生长的主要限制因子。（3）海拔相对较高的协特克阔依汗（XTK）和KKT年表除与其它年表具有对降水相同的响应特点外,还与当年8月的平均最低气温呈显著正相关。（4）区域年表树轮宽度指数经历了9个偏高时段和8个偏低时段,揭示了该地区降水的长期变化。     

天山北坡西部雪岭云杉海拔梯度生态弹性变化

基于天山北坡西部温泉哈夏林区间隔100m海拔高度采集的雪岭云杉梯度样本的断面积生长量资料,分析该区域树木生态弹性变化。干旱事件是区域生态弹性最主要的干扰因子,高温事件也是干扰因子之一。干扰因子的强度会造成生态弹性梯度特征的变化。在极端干旱年份,哈夏林区梯度生长弹性特征最显著,即中高海拔为强抵抗力和弱恢复力,而低海拔则呈相反态势,并出现生长衰退现象。中旱事件时不同海拔均为强抵抗力和较强的恢复力。高温年份低海拔呈现弱抵抗力和弱恢复力。在发生持续干旱时,不同海拔高度的树木生长均受到遏制,但低海拔衰退强度大于高海拔区域,高海拔区域树木对干旱的适应能力要强于中低海拔。